Intermediate accounting Essay

1. Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory system. Why conduct physical inventory? When should, if any a physical inventory count occur? Perpetual inventory system is a system for determining the cost of goods sold by keeping continuous records of the physical inventory as goods are bought and sold. In other words, under the perpetual inventory system – records are kept of the quantity and usually the cost of individual items of inventory throughout the year, as items are bought and sold. The cost of goods sold is recorded as goods are transferred to customers, and the inventory balance is kept current throughout the year, as items are bought and sold. The physical inventory is important because it is an actual amount of all merchandise on hand at the end of an accounting period. The actual physical count of the product must occur after the Pre-Physical Inventory update is run.   It means that no movements of the product can occur until after the actual count is done.   In other words the product is frozen until a physical count is done on the item.   After the actual count the movement of the individual item within the product group can resume while other products are being count. In periodic inventory system, it is a system for determining the cost of goods sold by deducting the ending inventory (based on a physical count of the inventory) from the beginning inventory plus total purchases over the period. 2. Intangible assets have two main characteristics. They lack physical existence and they are not financial instruments. Costs incurred internally to create intangibles are generally expensed as incurred. Explain the procedure for amortizing intangible assets. Intangible assets are a long-term assets that have no physical substance but have a value based on rights or privileges that accrue to the owner. Intangible assets  don’t have the obvious physical value of a  factory or equipment; they can prove very valuable for a firm and can be critical to its long-term success or failure. For example, a company such as Coca-Cola wouldn’t be nearly as  successful was it not for the high value obtained through its brand-name recognition. Although brand recognition is not a physical asset you can see or touch, its positive effects on bottom-line profits can prove extremely valuable to firms such as Coca-Cola, whose brand strength drives global sales year after year. In FASB STATEMENT NO. 142, the useful life of certain intangible assets is difficult to judge, particularly assets that involve contracted or other legally set terms. Companies use the useful life of assets to guide their decisions on whether or not to amortize them on their financial statements. The key factor in determining whether to amortize an â€Å"other† intangible asset is its useful life. If it is indefinite, the asset is not amortized. Although the question of whether an asset’s useful life is definite or indefinite may seem straightforward, certain intangibles—particularly those that are a result of contracted or other legally set terms—are difficult to judge. Prior to the issuance of FASB Statement no. 142, the maximum useful life of an intangible asset was 40 years. Could an asset a company was amortizing over a useful life of less than 40 years now have an indefinite life under Statement no. 142? The answer is â€Å"maybe.† Prior to its implementation companies may not have taken all of the three criteria in Statement no. 142—renewability, costs and modifications—into account in making amortization decisions. Further, it was not an option for an asset to have an indefinite useful life, regardless of how a company evaluated the criteria before Statement no. 142. The limit was 40 years. The bottom line? Even those intangibles that weren’t assigned the full 40-year useful life prior to Statement no. 142 should be evaluated against the statement’s criteria. They may have indefinite useful lives as well. References http://www.sdc.on.ca/sdc6/help/Physical%20Inventory%20Process.htm Jennefer M. Mueller. Journal of Accountancy: Amortization of Certain Intangible Assets. DECEMBER 2004 / Volume 198, Number 6.

Fake Myth

How Shadows Came To Be In the kingdom of Ridonicorn, there was a peculiar king named Shade. He claimed that he could stalk anyone without being seen. The Olympians knew him well, for his boasts were somewhat true. Often times, they bet on him to see if he tail people. Poseidon and Hermes almost always won the bets since they usually on the same side. If there was ever an argument, Artemis would settle it by choosing the right side of the bet. One day, Hermes and Poseidon didn’t place the same bet.Artemis was not there to settle the argument. This may seem trivial but it greatly upset the Olympians. They were so confused that no one else placed a bet. Poseidon thought Shade would not be able to follow the mysterious citizen and Hermes thought he would. Shade had already followed the citizen one mile into the enchanted forest near Ridonicorn when he heard a voice telling him to come into the bushes. He obeyed silently and went off his path. â€Å"What dost thou want? † sa id Shade to the voice.Then, right before his eyes, an old man with a cane came out of nowhere and said to him; â€Å"Only to help my king. † Shade was curious at his response In his weird manner of talking, he said; â€Å"What would thou doest to helpeth me in my quest from the gods? † â€Å"I have an enchanted necklace,† replied the old man. â€Å"that will make it so that no one can see hear you but the gods. † â€Å"Give it to me now! † ordered Shade. The old man gave it to him and Shade immediately put it on. â€Å"Did it work? † he asked the old man.Deceivingly, the old man replied; â€Å"Shade? Where did you go? † Shade was filled with happiness and continued his peculiar errand. He did not know that the old man was Hermes and could indeed see and hear him. Hermes was trying to â€Å"secure† his success of his bet with the necklace. However, no one knew that the person who Shade was stalking could see and hear him perfect ly. She was Artemis. She had left Olympus to take a break and hunt since she was not a good mood. When she noticed that Hermes was trying to win a bet, she was filled with nger. She shot an arrow right past Shade’s head. Shade was surprised since he thought he could not be noticed. â€Å"You think I can’t see you, mortal? † Shade shuddered. The way she said â€Å"mortal† made it seem as if she wasn’t. He was too late to notice and Artemis placed a curse on him. He and his offspring were forced to follow everyone without secrecy. Poseidon won the bet, Hermes had to do Poseidon’s chores for a millennium, and Shade (now Shadow) and his children had to follow everyone while always being seen for eternity.

High Tech Offenders

Cyber crimes Thesis: Cybercrime, hacking, blackmailing, fraud, piracy, cyber bullying, this are some types of crimes th at come to mind when we hear technology and crime. Every day we use technology as a part of our daily living. We are surrounded by technology we depend on technology. But this has also o pen new door for criminal to conduct their crimes. This also makes us vulnerable to those who have mater it. Microsoft piracy case 25 men were arrested and 11 where proven guilty in the national copy right Microsoft counter eiting ring.The fraudulent Microsoft cds and DVDs where sold online and where shipped from c hina to anywhere in the united stated and to Europe. The imitation Microsoft software was valu ed at 500 million dollars. Differential association theory states that criminal actions are a result of the friendships of or companionship with others. Differential association theory explained th at a person could not commit a crime without first being trained. Without prior i nfluence, is inc apable of inventing criminal behavior. ) techniques of committing the crime, which are someti mes very complicated, sometimes very simple; (b) the specific direction of motives, drives, ratio nalizations, and attitudes Individuals become criminal due to repeated contacts with criminal activity and a lack of contact with noncriminal activity. I believe that this counterfeiting ring was built on friendships. The 25 men must have been friends of acquaintances at some point I do not believe they would hire people who did not know about their illegal actions. Social bond theory Roman meydbray 27 from San Jose.A former information technology manager of creative explosions pleads guilty to getting unauthorized access to a computer of his former employer. According to the court after two weeks of his termination he got access to the computer system and deleted an email server domain and accesses the email account of the president of creative explosion. He changed the mail s erver to reject every Incoming email causing them many losses. Social bonding theory states. The elements of social bonding include the families, commitment to social norms and institute like schools and employment and the beliefs that these are important.Social bond theory also states that is a bond is weakened or broken then unusual behavior from that Individual may occur. I believe that Roman Meybray felt betray wen creative explosion the company that he work for decided to let him go. This incident made Roman Meybrey who was a manager for creative explosions get back at them for been firing him. The bond that he had in the company was broken causing him to obtaining the unauthorized access to the employer’s computer. Learning theory Cyber bullying is when someone is harassed through the internet. Usually the victims or cyber bullying are youth.Usually to humiliate harm an individual because of information one might have through internet websites, text, chat rooms or other social networking sites. A study in Britain found that at least half of suicides among young people are related to bullying Bully-related suicide can be connected to any type of bullying, including physical bullying, emotional bullying, cyber bullying, and sexting, or circulating suggestive or nude photos or messages about a person bullying can be racist, sexist, anti-religious. Anonymous postings, comments or pictures on social networking sites.Cyber bullying are actions of someone who is a coward since they can remain anonymous behind a screen name or fake profile. Amanda Todd was a young 7ht grade girl who made a huge mistake of flashing a man over the internet. Later the man stalked her and posted her pictures over the internet. After her class mates and other students at school also bullied her online and on social networking sites. After moving and switching schools several times she was still the victim of cyber bullying, until one day she committed suicide. Bullying is a be havior that is easily learned through observing.Students justify bullying behaviors by blaming the targets of their attacks. The bully somehow makes it seem as if the victim somehow deserve the bullying. This makes the bully seem powerful and knowledgeable. Since the bully is not punished others who are observing learn that this behavior is acceptable. People learn by observing others and want nothing more but to fit in. People are influenced by other values attitudes characteristics and behaviors especially kids and young adults. Kids that are getting bullied usually don’t say anything because they fear the parents will take away their laptops of cell phone.Since cyber bullies can remain anonymous they do not fear any reprucations so they continue to bully their victim. Conclusion. It comes to show that cybercrime are committed every day. From people getting hacked and getting all there info stolen. To people pirating movie cds DVD and selling g them for much lower price. Hu rting bigger companies. Also having cyber bullies hurting people’s feelings and put them out on the public to suffer humiliation. This makes the victim to find other mean of putting a stop to it. And possibly committing suicide. This people don’t think of other am d the pain and damage they cause .

The dynamics of employment relations in British Airways Essay

The dynamics of employment relations in British Airways - Essay Example According to the research findings employment relations refer to the collective and individual dimensions of labour and the associated buying and selling of this labour power. However, fundamentally the definition of employment relations does not remain restricted to the field of trade unions, government agencies and employer’s associations or processes of collective bargaining; it rather focuses on employment relationships. Poole has rightly defined the scope of employment relationships as a discipline concerning the systematic and organised study of all the aspects of employment relationships in the organizations. This relationship is generated when an employee sells his capacity of work in exchange for wages and other benefits. It also considers the potential disagreement between employees and employers and considers the broader context in which organizations operate, influence of the broader nature of economic activities, analyses the basis of conflicts and accommodations between employers and employees and develops interdisciplinary approaches based on ideas and concepts derived from sociology, psychology or even economics. This assignment analyses the various employee engagement strategies and employment relations strategies in British Airways and the associated policies and practices implemented by the organization. This is done in the context of suitability or fitness of these strategies with the present and emerging trends of business. The use of these strategies and their impacts in driving organizational performance and productivity are analysed in the project. The project also analyses whether and how British Airways evaluates the performance of its employees. Based on this analysis suitable recommendations are provided with regards to the current employment relationship strategies in the organization. This is done to ensure they are strategically beneficial for the organization and are cost effective too. Finally an action plan is provided w ith clearly defined processes and practices along with the likely outcomes they could generate for the organization. Findings Employment Relations in the organization British Airways began its existence within the public sector and had majority of its characteristics in tandem with employment relations of the public sector organizations. The organization was highly unionised and recognised sixteen separate trade unions. One of these was BALPLA (British Airlines Pilots Association). This union

Design and Implementation of Networking Plan Essay

Design and Implementation of Networking Plan - Essay Example On a network of a number of routing protocols, rout distribution process is involved to help broaden various sections of network learned routes under the support of configured protocol in sequences adaptable to other segments too within the network system. In any communications over interlinked devices on the same network system, routers to have to be connected directly, static or dynamic. To explain these concepts: dynamic routers are always acquired from â€Å"visible† routers through routing protocols; and static routers keyed-in by the network administrator. In the case of any static routing (a system of manually inserting routes within the existing sequence of routers’ routing), a number of limitations are experienced. These include lack of its practicality/ success on larger network systems since it requires a lot of time to set up; all routers must be updated upon addition of new networks, by administrators; it requires a full understanding of internetwork in relation to the functionality of all router connections. Link state routing protocols have the limitations of inability to transfer data packets over larger network since it uses CPU and system memory to update routing tables; use of larger quantities of network bandwidth at times of convergence; and a lot of time consumed during convergence in case of poor coordination on the reception of rout information over the same network system. Overcoming the listed shortcomings takes into account measures such as reducing router resource utilization through prolonging update frequencies or by swapping rout summaries; and synchronizing updates with duration taken. Additionally, solution measures such as maximum hop counts, hold downs, route poisoning, and split horizons can be considered alternately to encounter  routing loops. The prime use of packet switching and IP address makes available internet infrastructure needed by routing protocols in the sequential transmission of data packets over the internet.

Ford and Toyota SWOT Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ford and Toyota SWOT Analysis - Research Paper Example . TMC maintains a 16 percent market share in the US. In 2005, it was ranked 8th on the Forbes 2000 directory of the world’s leading companies. Toyota sales also rose by 9.2 percent mostly due to the demand for Camry and Corolla sedans. Weaknesses TMC, in the last quarter of 2009 through to the first quarter of 2010, recalled more than eight million cars and trucks in many recall campaigns and even stopped production and sales temporarily. Japanese car producers have numerously criticized the Toyota Motor Corporation as being more of foreign importers than local producers. Due to the numerous large- scale re-calls, Toyota faced a lot of criticism in 2005. The issue of the quality of their cars was also mentioned at a worrying level (Pershing, 2006).   Toyota was also hit badly by the global economic crisis of 2008. In the same year, Toyota recorded its first annual loss in its 70-year history. The Toyota Motor Corporation, in May 2009, reported a record yearly net loss of US $4.2 billion. This was a major blow to the company especially because it had also recorded a loss the previous year. While its competitors offer most of their brands worldwide, Toyota concentrates most of its brands in Japan and the US thus does not achieve global efficiency. Opportunities Due to the joint ventures with the French motoring companies Peugeot and Citroen, opportunities for Toyota to produce cars in France have risen. When the State Bank of India decreased interest rates on automotive loans citing decreased production as its reason in 2009, a major opportunity was created for Toyota. Due to the rise in gas prices and the growing need to conserve the environment, consumers in North America, mostly, shifted to more fuel efficient, eco- friendly and high quality cars from... Kiichiro Toyoda founded the Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) in 1937 with its headquarters at Toyota, Aichi, Japan. Being the largest automobile manufacturer, both by sales and production, Toyota employ more than 320,808 people throughout the globe. Here is its SWOT analysis. TMC is the world’s largest motor vehicle manufacturer by both sales and production. It is also a part of the â€Å"Toyota Group† which is one of the biggest conglomerates in the world. Toyota is well known for their environmentally safe, good quality, durable, reliable, convenient and value for money cars. Toyota, in 1997, began manufacture of the world’s best-selling car to date, the Toyota Prius. This was in the bid to provide the world with an environmentally friendly, cheap to maintain car (Liker, 2004). The Toyota Motor Corporation exhibits principles and a culture of continuous improvement and respect for people. Toyota has strong marketing and distribution efforts focused mainly on meeting the diverse needs of their clientele, close involvement of customer’s views in production and high quality sales and services. TMC maintains a 16 percent market share in the US. In 2005, it was ranked 8th on the Forbes 2000 directory of the world’s leading companies. Toyota sales also rose by 9.2 percent mostly due to the demand for Camry and Corolla sedans. their brands worldwide, Toyota concentrates most of its brands in Japan and the US thus does not achieve global efficiency. That provides the ability to produce fuel-efficient, high quality and smaller automobiles.

Part 2 - Health promotion edit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Part 2 - Health promotion edit - Essay Example Indeed, homosexuals are too vulnerable to be abused by their families, particularity because of the customs and traditions of Lebanese society, according to which people keep living with their families even when they are adult. Once might think that only women are subject to, honor crimes, but homosexuals are also victims of such crimes. Even though different charges and penalties which are issued on imposed on homosexuals and the government attempts to frustrate them, they are still fighting for their rights performing a remarkable achievements supporting LGBT on the social and political class. Indeed, many NGO’s, which call for human rights, placed the issue of homosexuality on their top list. MIRSAD is a governmental and private organization that is concerned with the issues of human rights as they aim to spread awareness on the Lebanese society in order to create democracy and equality. In one of the cases the MIRSAD defended protested against the police operation as they arrested and integrated with the owner of the one of the LGBT website. As a result the MIRSAD was not able to achieve successes as their director was also arrested for protesting (10). However, the organization did not stop supporting LGBT and human right issues. Another organization is Helem, which aim to spread awareness about sexual d isease such as HIV and STIs. Indeed, Helem mostly tend to focus on the right and health of LGBT. In fact, Helem state that their belief is to â€Å"consistently promoted the idea that knowledge is the key to openness, tolerance and acceptance† by educating Lebanese society about homosexuality and their rights. In addition, Helem educates the public and policymakers through offering real data, arranging effective dialogues, events, workshops, lectures and media. Furthermore, with the rejection of the public to LGBT individuals, they created their own private internment environments hidden from the public eyes. Besides the

Marks and Spencer Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Marks and Spencer - Case Study Example The other products that are sold by the company include; flowers, hampers and drinks such as wine. The company offers financial services to its customers like providing account cards, personal loans, unit trusts managements, life assurance schemes as well as pension policies to its customers. The company is subdivided into three divisions and they are United Kingdom's retail, International retail and the financial services division (Megone, and Robinson, 2002). In the United Kingdom's retail division, the management sells different kinds of merchandise .This division is sub divided into business units' that include; women's wear, men's wear, children's wear, beauty items, home furnishings as well as food items. The International retail business is categorized into three geographical areas such as; Europe, North America and the Far East. The European international retail business is further on divided into Continental Europe, Republic of Ireland and European franchise businesses. In North America, the group operates two types of businesses such as Brooks Brothers and Kings Supermarkets. The Far East consists of 10 stores that store the products of the company that are later on sold to the customers. The financial services offered by the company to its customers include; account cards, personal loans, unit trusts as well as life assurance and pension policies. The suitable organizational structure for this company is that of the matrix organizational structure. This structure involves arranging its activities according to the employees function and products. The structure can combine the best functions and product structures within an organization. Functional organizations are organized according to the technological disciplines. A functional manager is normally appointed so as to allocate the resources within the organization in the appropriate way .The coordination of activities can be undertaken through following the laid down procedures, detailed specifications, and ensuring that meetings are held on a regular basis. Products that require specialized knowledge consists of functional organized structures. On the other hand, a product manager is charged with the responsibility of coordinating the product creation activities through liaising with the functional representatives of the organization. The major tasks of the product manager are to collect information, solve conflicts and enhance the facilitation of objectives of the organization are achieved within a stipulated period of time. The employees are expected to accomplish their tasks as required so as to exploit their potentials as well as be in a position to increase the sales returns of the company. They are also expected to understand the factors that have been hindering them from accomplishing the tasks that have been assigned to them. The importance of this kind of structure is that the management of the company can be in a better position to focus on the market segment thus be in a position to meet the needs of the customers with ease. There is also an element of competition between the divisions as they try to achieve the objectives that have been set for them to meet within a stipulated period of time.The divisions within the organization can be controlled with ease since they act on different profit centers of the organization. Marks and Spencer Company sells different kinds of products to the customers thus the product manag

Cumulative paper based off e-book provided Essay

Cumulative paper based off e-book provided - Essay Example My expectations were fulfilled when I read the chapter thoroughly as all core issues about crime and crime control were there in the chapter in detail. After reading the chapter, I learned the types of crimes occurring in the United States of America, as well as the some of the basic laws and official policies regarding crime control. The thing I liked the most in the chapter were the tables of statistics showing the types of crimes and number of victimizations for year some particular years. I also liked the tables showing changes in the rate of crimes from one year to another. However, I would have liked this chapter to provide a detailed knowledge of the ways to control the rate of crimes. Chapter 2: The second chapter of the book builds upon the knowledge shared in the first chapter of the book. This chapter includes a discussion on various perspectives of crime control and crime control strategies. These perspectives provide a clear knowledge of the significance of crime control for establishing peace. The chapter also includes a detailed discussion on the causes and consequences of crimes, as well as draws attention towards the limitations of retribution incapacitation and incapacitation of retribution. The chapter also includes a discussion on the basic goals and objectives of crime control and crime control strategies, such as, retribution, rehabilitation, incapacitation and deterrence. I thought of this chapter as if it would be having details about the perspectives of critics and supporters about different types of sentencing or crime control strategies. I did not have an idea that the chapter would also include a discussion about the causes and consequences of crimes. When I read the chapter thoroughly, my expectations were partially fulfilled as some of the issues that I had in my mind were discussed, such as, perspectives of crimes and crime control strategies, whereas the chapter did not highlight the perspectives of critics and supporters regardi ng appropriateness of sentencing models. After reading the chapter, I learned about the causes and consequences of crimes, as well as about the limitations of adopting different crime control strategies, such as, rehabilitation, incapacitation, and deterrence. The thing I liked in the chapter were the way causes of crimes in a society and their impact on the minds of people and overall society were described. However, I would have liked this chapter to highlight different types of sentencing models and the views of critics on them from different angles. Chapter 3: The third chapter of the book covers the theory of traditional policing and underlying concepts. It discussed whether the strategy of hiring more cops plays a significant role in reducing the number of crimes or not. The chapter also includes a discussion on different approaches that can be used to increase the effectiveness of police, such as, freeing up the resources, continuing with random or reactive policing, private security mechanisms, private policing, use of detectives, and other traditional approaches to policing. I thought of this chapter as if it would be having details about the theory of traditional policing, as well as about the effectiveness of traditional policing in controlling the crime rate in the United States of America. I also thought that the chapter would bring into light the limitations that traditional polic

Solomon, Consumer Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Solomon, Consumer Behaviour Essay When we say personality, actually everyone can understand what it is meant to be but actually it is hard to define a formal description of â€Å"Personality†. One answer can lie in the concept of personality, which refeers to a person’s unique psychological make up and how it concsistently influences the ay a person’s responds to his/her environment. From now on when we say â€Å"Personality†, we mean all of the distinctive, consistent and structured relations between an individual ‘s inner and outer environment. Personality is also be described as â€Å" the particular combination of emotional, attitudinal, and behavioral response patterns of an individual† Some psychologists may argue that the concept of personality may not be valid. Many studies find that people do not seem to exhibit stable personalities. Because people do not necessarily behave the same way in all situations, they argue that this is merely a convenient way to categorize people. It’s a bit hard to accept because we tend to see others in a limited range of situations and so they do appear to act consistently. Marketing strategies often include some aspect of personality. These dimensions are usually considered in conjunction with a person’s choice of leisure activities, political beliefs, aesthetic tastes, and other personal factors that help us to understand consumer lifestyle. Freudian Theories: Who is Sigmund Freud? Sigmund, born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939), was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis. An early neurological researcher into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy, Freud later developed theories about the unconscious mind and the mechanism of repression, and established the field of verbal psychotherapy by creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient (or analysand) and a psychoanalyst. Psychoanalysis has in turn helped inspire the development of many other forms of psychotherapy, some diverging from Freuds original ideas and approach. Sigmund Freud proposed the idea that much of one’s adult personality stems from a fundamental conflict between a person’s desire to gratify his/her physical needs and the necessity to function as a responsible member of society. The id seeks out immediate gratification. The superego is the counterweight to the id. It is a person’s conscience. The ego is the system that mediates between the two. It tries to find ways to gratify the id that are acceptable to society. This is called the Pleasure Principle. Id† is selfish and illogical. It is the â€Å"Party Animal† of the mind. It’s about immidiate gratification. Id operates according to the pleasure principle which our basic desire to maximize pleasure and avoid pain guides our behaviour. Id directs a person’s physical energy toward pleasurable acts without regard for any consequences. â€Å"Superego† is the counterweight to the id. The superego is essentially the person’s consicience. The superego internalizes society’s rules and tries to prevent the id from seeking selfish gratification. Ego† mediates between the id and superego, it acts as a refree in the fight between temptation and virtue. The ego tries to balance these opposing forces according to the reality principle which means it finds way to gratify the id that the outside world will find acceptable. These conflicts occur on an unconcious level , so the person is not necessarily awere of the underlying reasons for his/her behaviour. Freud’s ideas highlights the potential importance of unconscious motives that guide our purchases. Consumer researchers have adapted some of Freud’s ideas. Consumers cannot necessarily tell us their true motivation when they choose products, even if we can devise a sensitive way to ask them directly. The Freudian perspective also raises the possibility that the ego relies on the symbolism in products to compromise between the demands of the id and the prohibitions of the superego. The person channels her unacceptable desire into acceptable outlets when she uses products that signify these underlying desires. This is the connection between product symbolism and motivation: The product stands for, or represents, a consumer’s true goal, which is socially unacceptable or unattainable. By acquiring the product, the person vicariously experiences the forbidden fruit. Phallic Symbols: are male-oriented symbolism that appeals to women. According to Freud’s idea the use of some objects that resemmble sex organs. For example: Cigars, trees, swords, buttons,trains and cars are look alike male sex organs. In addition to those mentioned, tunnels and button holes are symbolysed as female sex organs. Most Freudian applications in marketing relate to a product’s supposed sexual symbolism. For example owning a sports car for a man going through a mid-life crysis is a substitute for sexual gratification. Motivational Research: Motivational research borrowed Freudian ideas to understand the deeper meanings of products and advertisements. The approach assumed that we channel socially unacceptable needs into acceptable outlets including product substitutes. Motivational Research relies on depth interviews with individual consumers instead of asking many consumers a few general questions about product usage. Motivational Researcher probes deeply into each respondents’ purchase motivations. It might take several hours and the respondent can not immediately articulate his/her latent or underlying motives. The researcher can reach these only after extensive questioning and interpretation. Ernst Diechter was a psychoanalyst who trained with Freud’s disciples in Vienna. Dichter conducted in-depth interview studies on more than 230 products. There are both appeals and criticism associated with motivational research.

Cartoon Saloon Organisational Structure

Cartoon Saloon Organisational Structure 1.a. History Cartoon Saloon is an animation studio, based in Kilkenny city, Ireland, formed in 1999 by three college friends Paul Young, Tomm Moore and Nora Twomey. They produce shorts, feature films and TV series that are very popular in Ireland and worldwide. Cartoon Saloon became internationally famous after their two Academy Awards, BAFTA and Oscar nominations for their feature films The Secret of Kells and Song of the Sea. Their award winning show Puffin Rock is currently being broadcast around the world: UK (NickJr), Ireland (RTE), Australia, Sweden, Iceland, Norway and Denmark, and has exclusively premiered on Netflix globally including the U.S. and Canada. Cartoon Saloon partner with a lot of international artists and companies to tell new unique stories on the screen. Recently they have joined forces with the Canadian company Mercury Filmworks to create a new full service animation studio that will be based in Kilkenny, Ireland and will create 140 new jobs in the region. Company type  Animation studio Industry  Media Entertainment Products  Animated feature films TV series Commercials Short films Illustration Design Size  around 70 permanent employees AddressThe Maltings, Tilbury Place, James Street, Kilkenny, Ireland. Webwww.cartoonsaloon.ie     Ã‚   Cartoon Saloon is a Private Sector Organisation. It has three officially registered companies under its name: The Cartoon Saloon LTD (set up in 2000, 4 shareholders), Cartoon Saloon Production LTD (set up in 2013) and Cartoon Saloon Brand Development LTD (set up in 2015). All are Private Limited Companies By Shares. 1.b. Description of 4 departments in Cartoon Saloon Companys department structure can be divided into two main sectors: PRODUCTION and MANAGEMENT. Management sector include all departments that support the work of the Production Department. Production Department Production department in the animation studio has the prevalent numbers of employees and is in charge of the whole process of creating visual products (films, series, commercials, illustrations etc.) and include: Pre-production, Production and Post-production processes. Pre-production is a stage when the team comes up with a concept and genre, develops a story, creates a storyboard and sketches layouts, chooses camera angles and prepares all pieces to start the Production process. Production itself include such activities as drawing, creating illustrations, texturing, colouring, shading, lighting, voice and music recording, sound effects etc. based on the guidelines established in the Pre-production stage. And the final Post-production step of film creation is when everything is being brought together: music and voice combined with the graphics, scenes being cut and the whole film being edited. Main functions of Production Department: Creating an idea for a future product Writing a script Drawing a storyboard Developing Layouts Voice and music recording Drawing/illustrating/colouring/shading/lighting Direction and coordination of all processes mentioned above Administration Department Administration department links all sectors in the organization together, maintain the smooth flow of information from one part to another and supports activity and processes happening in the office so the work to be fast, efficient and professional. Main functions of Administration Department: Reception duties Purchasing office supplies and machines, maintaining it in working order Storage control Dealing with incoming and outgoing correspondence Meetings organisation Record keeping, filing, processing data Business trips organisation Marketing department Marketing department in the company carries out essential market analysis and promotional support for the product. To get and stay on the top in such a variable sphere where its hard sometimes to predict people preferences and market flows, to come up with new and unique ideas that will meet and elicit the right public response, marketing team should be extremely sensitive to media trends and constantly study social media channels. Main functions of Marketing Department: Market research Media and PR Product licensing Promotion and Sales coordination Search for investors IT Department IT department is responsible for the technical support of the office. These are a lot of special software, cameras and workstation computers being used in the Production department of the animation studio that need specific knowledge from the IT team. Main functions of IT Department: Technical support and problem solutions Software research and development Network security Data storage management 1.c. Organisational chart and typical duties for 2 selected jobs Cartoons Saloons company structure consists of 5 main levels: Shareholders, Board of Directors, Managing Director, Departments and their Employees. *See the next page for Organisational Chart Picture. Among the large number of team members, there are following workers: CARTOONIST (PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT) a visual artist who specialises in drawing animation (cartoons). Knows how to operate special computer software, can work in many formats and basic duties include creation of: Animation Short films Booklets Graphic design Illustrations Posters Advertisements Motion pictures or computer animated films PR MEDIA MANAGER (MARKETING AND PR DEPARTMENT) is responsible for external communication activity of the company and duties include: Press communication activity Social media activity Building and maintaining the good image of the company Planning publicity campaigns Writing presentations and press releases Organising press conferences, exhibitions, open days and visits Speaking publicly at interviews, presentations and press conferences Media coverage analysis Relevant market research 2. Administration functions of an office and 3 pieces of equipment used to carry out these functions. Office of the studio is a big living organism that needs all processes inside to be synchronised, linked and maintained. To organise this and progress as a business administrative work is very important. Administration functions of an office include: Financial planning Record keeping, filing and billing Collection and storage of the data Personnel supervision Physical distribution and logistics Holidays calendar planning Storage control Purchase Supervision of support staff Office equipment maintenance Meeting the clients Phone calls and direct mail handling Dealing with complaints and solving problems Equipment that helps to do these duties: Computers modern computers allow employees to do much more tasks than before: to insert, edit and store the data, to plan and organise work using dairies and other helpful software, to faster communicate via e-mail, corporate chats etc., produce complicated documents, charts, presentations and so on. Smart phones gadgets that combine phone and computer functions, so worker can do most of the office tasks being away: check the calendar or e-mail, take photos at the factory and send them to the head office straight away, to take notes and see stock changes, simple videoconferencing etc. Copiers new machines allow you to copy, enlarge and scan the documents, along with the functions of a fax, network printer, can produce black or color copies. 3. Key aims and objectives of 3 pieces of workplace legislation. EQUALITY ACT 2004 This act regulates relationship between people in terms of prevention of discrimination by race, age, religion, gender and sexual orientation, marital and family status, disability or being a member of Traveller community at the work place. Replaced the version of year 1998. For example, this act forbids publishing job offers that specify particular gender and age. As well as person cant be refused on the job position only by reason being a member of the Traveller community or a certain church. PROTECTION OF EMPLOYMENT ACT 2012 (TEMPORARY AGENCY WORK) This act regulates equal treatment of temporary agency workers and directly hired personnel in organisations by working times and rest periods, night work, public holidays, annual leaves and wages. Though the right for equal salary came in action in the end of the 2011. For example, being hired by Cartoon Salloon temporary from the agency for a specific project going cant oblige you to work weekends or public holidays, or restrict you from having annual leave. NATIONAL MINIMUM WAGE ACT 2000 Regulates National Minimum Wage level. Since January 2017 the National Minimum Wage is  ¬9.25 per hour for an experienced adult worker. The rate is lower if employee is under 18 or in the first two years of work straight after turning 18 years, also minimum level is lower for workers in a course of study or training. All employees, including part time, full time and temporary are covered by this act with the exception of close relatives of the employer and certain apprentices. Not following these legal acts is a criminal offence. Cartoon Saloon Company employs staff from all over the world and constantly hires people for different projects on the temporary basis. So knowing and following these acts is especially essential for the company. REFERENCES Cartoon Saloon Official Web Site http://www.cartoonsaloon.ie/ Company Summary http://www.solocheck.ie/Irish-Company/The-Cartoon-Saloon-Limited-318348 Article http://www.merrionstreet.ie/en/allaboutjobs/Features-Articles/How_they_did_it_Cartoon_Saloon.html Interview with CEO http://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/drawing-new-inspiration-at-cartoon-saloon-1.2347507 Interview with managing director http://www.merrionstreet.ie/en/allaboutjobs/Features-Articles/How_they_did_it_Cartoon_Saloon.html Interview with CS 2005 http://totallydublin.ie/arts-culture/festival-features/offset-2015-interview-cartoon-saloon/ Business article http://www.irishexaminer.com/business/profits-rise-at-oscar-nominated-cartoon-saloon-434495.html Minimum Wage Rates in Ireland-the Minimalist Guide to the National Minimum Wage Act, 2000 http://employmentrightsireland.com/tag/national-minimum-wage-act-2000/

House On Mango Street Essay example -- essays research papers

Women’s Escape into Misery Women’s need for male support and their husband’s constant degradation of them was a recurring theme in the book House on Mango Street. Many of Esperanza’s stories were about women’s dreams of marrying, the perfect husband and having the perfect family and home. Sally, Rafaela, and Minerva are women who gave me the impression of [damsel’s in distress].CLICHÉ, it’s ok though. It’s relevant They wished for a man to sweep them of their feet and rescue them from their present misery. These characters are inspiring and strong but they are unable to escape the repression of the surrounding environment. *Cisneros presents a rigid world in which they lived in, and left them no other hope but to get married. Esperanza, however, is a very tough girl who knows what she wants. She will keep dreaming and striving until she gets it. She says, "I am too strong for her [Mango Street] to keep me here&qu ot; (110). Esperanza learned from all of these women that she was not going to be tied down. She said, "I have decided not to grow up tame like the others who lay their necks on the threshold waiting for the ball and chain" (88). **Especially after seeing that Sally was suffering so much. Sally’s father is making her want to leave home by beating her. Sally "said her mother rubs lard on the places were it hurts" (93). There is not enough lard in the world to be able to cure the pain within Sally’s heart. Sally, "met a marshmallow salesman at a school bazaar" (101). Pretty soon " sally got married, she has her house now, her pillowcases and her plates" (101). Her marriage seems to free her from her father, but in reality she has now stepped into a world of misery. This was supposed to help her heal; " she says she is in love, but I think she did it to escape." (101). Unlike the oth er women Sally has no escape, no poetry, not even papaya coconut juice, not to mention, " he does not let her look out the window" (102). That is why "she sits at home because she is afraid to go outside without his permission."(102). Rafaela’s situation also involves imprisonment in her own home. Cisneros introduced us to Rafaela, a young beautiful girl whose expectations from marriage were to obtain a sweet home to live in. Instead... ...p;quot;ferocious roots beneath the ground" (74). Like the trees [???] (I don’t get the reference to the trees) these are, "Four who reach and do not forget to reach. Four whose only reason is to be and be" (75). These characters are inspiring and strong but they are unable to escape the repression of the surrounding environment. The only tree that was able to escape Mango Street was Esperanza. Her last words demonstrated growth as an independent woman. She concludes "She does not hold me with both arms. She sets me free" (110). This was good! There were minor corrections that I corrected, but didn’t make a note of it(like commas). If u have any ?’s call me n let me know! Nataly Buenrostro Writing 1 October 9, 2000 House on Mango Street Critical Analysis Professor Peterson I made many changes to my draft. First of all I made Esperanza a stronger focal point of my paper. I made it clear that she was the strong one in the book. I made the transitions have more of a flow by mentioning more events that involved Esperanza. I tried to make my subjects better known and my thesis clearer by stating more facts. I showed a lot more and told less.

Big Bang Theory :: physics science space

Cosmology in general predates the physics that we rely upon in the twenty-first century. Its history is intertwined with religion as an attempt to understand or explain the workings of the world. Science on the grandest scale has felt great impedence from religious dogma and pontificators, specificly, the relationship between Gallileo and the Catholic church. The entire history of cosmology is a subject too broad for a small project to contend with, so I want to explore the workings of just the Big Bang theory; its creation, evolution and adaptation to new data, and revision with inflationary theory. The Beginning: After Isaac Newton revolutionized mechanics, the term 'cosmology' (or 'cosmogeny' at the time) refered only to the solar system and the immediate environs. Newton did a lot to dispell the geo-centric myths surrounding celestial motion, with his theory of universal gravitation. If planets moved on celestial spheres, instead of moving because of gravity, gravity must not be universal. Before Einstein, before his revolutionary theory of general relativity of 1915, most astronomers believed that the universe consisted of only one galaxy, the Milky Way. Outside galaxies were certainly studied, but not understood as independant and very distant galaxies similar to our own. Einstein did not apply his new gravitational field equations to cosmological models until 1917. Predecessors such as Mach and Gallileo grappled with the concepts of inertia inspired Einstein. Newton had attempted to formulate a cosmological model using his theory of gravity, and reasoned in 1692 that the universe could be considered an infinite volume container with an infinite number of stars. Newton was unable to define a gravitational force acting upon a particular body with these boundary conditions however. Newton realized that a universe with matter and only gravity acting upon the matter would result in a universe which would eventually collapse. Obviously the universe has not collapsed, which puzzled Newton. Einstein was also puzzled by the appropriate boundary conditions to apply to an aparently infinite volume universe, that has not collapsed. In the model of 1917 he tried to describe a universe that exists in a steady state, that is, not collapsing and not expanding. The creation of the big bang model was an inadvertant by-product of his classic 'cylindrical universe,' because such a steady universe must have a mysterious cosmological constant holding it up, and keeping it from collapsing.

Ancient Summerian Mythology :: essays research papers

Term Paper- Ancient Sumeria/Babylon   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the many ancient civilizations that need to be clarified is ancient Sumeria. Sumer was an ancient region in southern Mesopotamia, located in the extreme southeastern part of what is now Iraq. The land of Sumer was virtually devoid of human occupants until about 5000 BC, when settlers moved into the swamps at the head of the Persian Gulf and gradually spread northward up the lower Tigris-Euphrates Valley. Although the Sumerians as people disappeared, their language and literature continued to influence the religion of their successors. Their basic economic organization and system of writing cuneiform, architectural forms, and legal practices remained in use. â€Å"Later generations elaborated upon the mathematics and astronomy that the Sumerians had originated.† (Beret 113.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Almost every culture or ancient civilization has a flood story. For example, in the Old Testament, there was a flood story that lasted forty days and forty nights. In the Sumerian civilization, there is a flood story as well. The motive for the flood story in the Old Testament is similar to the motive in the flood story in the Sumerian culture. This motive was to punish the wickedness of men. The flood happened in a city called Shurrupak. It stands on the bank of the Euphrates River. The city grew old and the gods that were in it grew old. The city was in an uproar and the god Enlil heard the clamor and he said to the god in the council, â€Å"The uproar of mankind is intolerable and sleep is no longer possible by reason of the babel.† (Bailey 59.) The gods decided to exterminate mankind. â€Å"For six days and six nights the winds blew, torrent and tempest and flood overwhelmed the world, tempest and flood raged together like warring hosts.† (Bailey 57.) Even the gods were terrified at the flood, they fled to the highest heaven, the firmament of Anu.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Babylonian civilizations, a god is responsible for reasoning and wisdom. This god of wisdom is Enki. Enki receives his power from the resources and fertility of the land. The myth of Inanna and the god of wisdom begins with Inanna delighting in her womanhood and wishing to test its powers. In this myth, Inanna goes on a journey. Inanna sets out to visit Enki, the god of Wisdom, who is also the god of Waters. In Sumerian, â€Å"Enki† means the god of the Earth.

Death on the Nile: Novel and Film Essay

Agatha Christie’s 1937 novel Death on the Nile (adapted by Nancy Taylor for Penguin Readers in 2008) tells the murder mystery novel of a rich, upper-class and young woman her name is Linnet Ridgeway who marries the fiancà © of her best friend Jacqueline. Linnet and her husband Simon go to Egypt to spend their honeymoon there. Jacqueline feels envy from Linnet because she steals her fiancà © from her, so she keeps following them everywhere they go. In the middle of the trip Linnet murders while she is on her honeymoon in the Nile. There are many suspects on the boat because many people hate her and have a motive for killing her. The detective Poirot who is in the same boat tries to figure out who kills Linnet and solves the problem. One major theme of the novel is how envy leads the person to kill others. The movie version of Agatha Christie’s popular novel Death on the Nile was released in September 1978, produced by Paramant Picture, directed by John Guillermin, and adapted for the screen by Anthony Shaffer. In this paper I will compare and contrast the manner in which one element has been adapted by the filmmakers and I will offer a hypothesis about why filmmakers make this change; in addition, I will synthesize the opinions of two film critics. One significant plot element that appears in the novel and that adapted for the film version concerns Colonel Race. The character of Colonel Race in the novel is overall similarity from the film. In the novel, Colonel Race is a man who travels round the world and solving important cases for the British government. The first time he shows in the novel is in Abu Simbel when he visits the temple; whereas, in the film the first time he shows in the hotel in Cairo with the first group. Also in the novel he has a motive for being in the boat and it is to follow Signor Richetti who is a criminal and pretending to be another person with a fake job, but in the film there isn’t any reason for Colonel Race to be on the boat with them. On the other h and, there are three similarities between the novel and the film about Colonel Race character. In novel and in the film Poirot is an old friend of Colonel Race and they meet each other after a long period of time. Also in the novel and the film Colonel helps his old friend Poirot who’s a detective to find out the crime and Colonel is monitoring others to catch who kills Linnet, Mrs. Otterbourne, and Miss Louise. Also in the novel and the film, there isn’t any motive for Colonel to kill Linnet. But, why did the adaptors make these changes? Perhaps the film adaptors couldn’t have forgotten how Colonel Race is in the book. For example, they couldn’t have forgotten that Colonel Race was in the novel for a secret mission to look for a criminal named Signor Richetti. Also, they couldn’t have forgotten that Colonel Race showed in the second group in half way through the trip in Abu Simbel. They may have believed that if they remove those events in the film, they will make it easily to understand what is going in the film. Also, not to make the movie complicated by adding more events. Maybe if Colonel Race showed in the second group, he will steal the audience attention from Jacqueline when she showed again in the second group. Also the audience will keep asking the question â€Å"Who’s this?!† in addition, Poirot will have someone to talk with from the beginning of the film and to show how they are very close to each other. In addition, they didn’t mention a criminal who was following by Colonel Race to catch him. That’s why they will confuse the audience because they will not know to focus on a criminal Signor Richetti himself or on the other criminal who killed Linnet, Mrs. Otterbourne, and Miss Louise. Thus, it seems likely that the film makers made their decision possibly to prevent confusion. Therefore, I think the decision to remove th ese events was good. Overall, the way the filmmakers changed these events is great and well thought out. Reactions to the writing of Anthony Shaffer by two critics appear to be almost diametrically opposed. In his 2011 contemporary review in The Stop Button, anonymous critic rates the film negatively overall and he has some comments about writing. The anonymous critic says, â€Å"The point of these Poirot films isn’t necessarily the filmmaking or the writing, it’s the all-star cast-it must be the cast, since relatively nothing happens for the first hour.† The anonymous critic thinks that Shaffer writing is not good enough and it is apparently not as strong as he was expecting. Actually, the anonymous critic seems that he doesn’t enjoy the writing section. Anthony Clarke opinion in his DVD.net.au review is the same as the anonymous opinion. Clarke has some reservations about the writing; he has certain comments about Peter Ustinov. Clarke says, â€Å"The plot has been trimmed down from Agatha Christie’s original, the novel seems widely implausible.† Clarke’s review of Shaffer’s work is overall not good. At most, one might see the two opinions about Shaffer’s writing as negative since an anonymous critic says the word â€Å"Isn’t necessarily†, and Anthony Clarke thinks that the writing is also negative when she says â€Å"Trimmed down.† The two responses to the writing of Anthony Shaffer in Death on the Nile are more similar than they are different. One major theme of the novel that I recognized and relate to is that how envy leads the person to kill others. Throughout the novel and film, Jacqueline feels envy from Linnet because she steals her fiancà © and marries him. Jacqueline decides to bother Linnet and destroys her life. Especially there are many people hate Linnet and feel envy from her because of many reasons. At the end Linnet murders by someone who feels envy from her and hates her very much. I can think of many examples of people who feel envy from others and finally the result is murdering them, but one example stands out strongly among all others. I knew my cousin neighbor and they are from Kuwait. Their neighbor called Fatima and she has three small children. One day Fatima husband told her that he want to marry another woman because our religion says that man can marry maximum four women. His wife Fatima can’t prevent him so she kept silence all the time and her heart full of envy from her husband and the woman who will be his second wife. Her husband decided to do a small wedding party in the tent. On the day of his wedding, Fatima wanted to destroy her husband wedding party. In the middle of the wedding, she set the tent on fire by using gasoline gallons. At the end, her husband and his new wife also some other guests died because what she had done. The police came and took her to the jail because it’s a murder case. So that, Fatima destroyed her life and her husband and others life because of her envy. So I suggest that people should take the life in easy way. They shouldn’t feel envy about others because the result will harm and destroy them and others. I advise people to try to delete the envy from their hearts and to accept the reality of their life. People who feel envy from others they must know that everything in this world happens for a reason and they can’t ignore their destiny and they have to accept it. Works Cited Christie, Agatha. Death on the Nile. Ed. Nancy Taylor. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2008. Print. Clarke, Anthony. â€Å"Death on the Nile.† DVD.net.au. DVD.net.au, n.d. Web. 24 July 2011. Death on the Nile. Dir. John Guillermin. Perf. Peter Ustinov, Lois Chiles, Mia Farrow, Simon MacCorkindale, David Niven. 1978. DVD. Anchor Bay Entertainment, 2002. â€Å"Death on the Nile.† The Stop Button. The Stop Button, 23 Feb. 2011. Web. 24 July 2011.

Emily Dickinson Comparative Poems Essay

Emily Dickinson was a religious person, but she always questioned faith and religion in her poetry. She seems to not take a solid stance in the debate between science and faith. However, Dickinson seemed to particularly struggle with the idea of â€Å"faith† and what it really meant. This is evident in most of her poetry, but two poems that indicative of this are â€Å"Faith is a fine invention† and â€Å"I heard a Fly buzz–When I Died†. â€Å"Faith is a fine invention† is a short poem comparing faith and science. I see this poem as a concise and truly accurate claim. Dickinson is basically portraying that religion is okay, just as long as the individual is aware of when it is appropriate to depend upon it. I think this poem does mock religion a bit. She never says that all people who put their trust in their religion are ignorant, but I do believe that she is implying that some may be consumed by their faith, to the point of blindness. Faith cannot solve everything, and those who believe it does are somewhat ignorant to believe so. Dickinson also refers to â€Å"faith† as an â€Å"invention† in the first line of the poem. I feel that to imply that something has been invented would be to suggest that it’s artificial and not concrete. Maybe man has invented religion as a means of a scapegoat in situations, so that’s why faith, to Dickinson, is â€Å"†¦ a fine invention / When Gentlemen can see–† (Dickinson 1-2). It is an invention, because religion sometimes may become a tool to draw attention away from immorality. This is true about those who claim to have strong faiths, but are very quick to find faults in others. Faith should not be way of taking the blame off of oneself. If someone cannot view their own behavior as immoral, are they completely blind? This poem somewhat satirically mocks how people use faith in situations where it may prove to be completely useless. Certain life problems, health ailments especially, cannot be solved by reliance on faith. In a crisis, religion can’t be relied upon to save an individual. I feel that the â€Å"microscope† in line 3 holds multiple meanings. The microscope a tangible tool to help us see things that we cannot see with just the naked eye. This is a metaphor for humans being able to see the truth and reality of a situation. This presents a realness in the poem, as opposed to the â€Å"invention† of faith. â€Å"In an emergency† (Dickinson 4) science would prove to be useful while faith would not. I would argue that this poem definitely forces readers to contemplate her faith. The poem is short, but conveys a clear message. Many individuals turn to god when they are in the midst of a life crisis. However, faith is not the answer â€Å"in an emergency† (Dickinson 4). God cannot always save us, so we must open our eyes and take a closer look to realize this. We must save ourselves sometimes, despite the trust many people have put in their faith. The poem â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I Died† is a poem about death. The speaker has already died, and speaking from the grave, they describe the last few moments of their life. Before the speaker is about to reach â€Å"the light† (Dickinson 14), the buzzing fly that is in the room comes between the speaker and the light. The conclusion of the poem is truly ambiguous and leaves the reader wondering whether or not the speaker reached what would seem to be heaven. It also causes the reader to question if heaven, to Dickinson, is even real or not. The fly coming between the speaker and heaven is representative of reality. The speaker was hoping that before they died, they would be greeted by god, or perhaps Jesus. Dickinson really seems to question god’s existence in this poem. She conveys the fact that many humans try to console themselves with stories about god and heaven. Even when the speaker is about to die, they are hopeful to be greeted by god or jesus, but this is really not the case. Heaven does not provide an afterlife, if heaven really even exists at all. Life is the only tangible thing. The fly interrupting the silence illustrates the ordinary, the average, every day tangible things. Although Emily Dickinson was a religious woman, I did interpret this poem as having an agnostic theme about it. It even leads me to believe that Dickinson was unsure herself if there was truth to faith, and if god was real. She recognized that people liked to almost fantasize about a softer side of death. I believe that people who claim to have very strong faith are guilty of that. Knowing, or at least hoping that you will be taken to heaven by god when you die is a comforting thought. People don’t like to think about the harsh reality of death. As in â€Å"Faith is a fine invention† Dickinson points out that faith is something that man has created. If man has created it, can it actually be real? The way she questions faith in many of her poems would convey to the audience to believe that she had very deep struggles with her own faith and religion.

Narrative Essay – a Scary Experience

We had chicken breast for lunch t Helvetica and then we left to our respective homes. It was early summer. So I went to sleep after a shower and didn't wake up till 9 p. M. My Parents were leaving for Dad's business tour to Delhi and they won't be back for at least two weeks. My sister and I were quite happy about the fact that we can do whatever we want for two whole weeks. I was planning to stay awake till late night and watch movies. But little did we know that we were going to regret these feelings later. Mom and Dad left around 11. So it was only me and my elder Sister Sees In the whole apartment.It's a three storied old apartment building with only one unit per floor. But the apartments are really big considering they have almost 2500 sq feet space. Our apartment has four bed rooms, two Verandas, one dining room, one drawing room, one kitchen and 3 washrooms. My sister and I shared a common washroom between our rooms where our parents room and the guest room had an attached was hroom. So right after our parents left. I went back to my room and started watching this movie called â€Å"The matrix†and Sees was talking to her friend on phone. A quarter passed midnight when iris heard it.A knock in my door. I thought it was Sees so I did not bother to open up right away. Then I heard It again . This time louder and harder than before. I was both annoyed and a bit angry because I was really enjoying the movie. So I went rushing to the door and opened it. It was strange as I found no one outside my door. At first I thought Sees was trying to play a prank on me so I went to her room which was around 20 Ft away from my room and her door was closed. When I went inside , I found her lying on her bed talking to her friend loudly as usual. And she looked at e with a question in her eyes. Asked her In a loud pap! Why did you knock so hard on my door? What do you want? This Isn't funny you know'. She told her friend to hold for a second and asked me what I was tal king about. When I told her again she replied angrily that she was talking with friend all the time and didn't even get up from her bed. Obviously didn't believe her and asked her to stay away. She then gave me the phone and her friend confirmed she was talking with her. Left without prolonging the argument shutting the door loudly. And I went back to watch my movie. Then it happened again after half an hour.First a gentle knock and then followed by loud and hard knocks on my door. This time I almost ran towards the door determined to catch Sees pap on the act but found no one outside again. But I didn't waste my time standing there. I kept on running towards Sees pap's room 1 OFF Ana Tuna near again lying on near Dead still talking to near Eternal . Eater another neaten discussion Sees Pap decided to follow me back to my room and talk there on phone. She said, â€Å"Naval! Obviously you are not believing me when I am telling you I have not oft my room or my bed.So I am going to yo ur room now so you can't blame me anymore. † I agreed silently but still did not believe her. So I started watching my movie or what was left of it after all these interruption and arguments while Sees pap was lying on my bed now talking to her friend on phone. After ten more minutes the knocking started again. And then it got louder and louder until the door started shaking. Sees looked startled. I wasn't moving from my chair either. We looked at each other and finally realized that both of us were not lying to catheter.

Why Have Nuclear Weapons Not Been Used in Conflict Since 1945?

Why have nuclear weapons not been used in conflict since 1945? Nuclear weapons have only ever been used once in human history, and that was during World War II when The United States deployed missiles on Japanese territory, in Nagasaki and Hiroshima. At the time of bombing in 1945 only the USA had developed nuclear weapons, whilst today the pool of states consisting of nuclear weapons is still extremely small, with only nine states laying claim to nuclear technology and weaponry. This nuclear proliferation is explained by Darryl Howlett who explains this as the worldwide spread of nuclear weapons.For Howlett states are nuclear driven because of the ‘strategic, political and prestige benefits’ attached to nuclear weapons[1]. In the modern world the mass media are often critical about nuclear weapons and the threats they pose for society, but this begs the question; why have nuclear weapons not been used in conflict since 1945? To answer this question the issues of taboo a nd deterrence and the arrival of virtual nuclear arsenals must be called into question, as well as theoretical ideas such as rationality from proliferation optimists and proliferation pessimists.I will also look at whether we currently live in a non-proliferation regime, and look at the alternatives for peace and nuclear non-usage. The first area of nuclear non-usage I will look at will be the arguments brought forward by proliferation pessimists and optimists. Kennitz Waltz, a proliferation optimist argues on one hand we cannot stop the spread of nuclear weapons. It’s inevitable because states seek power through nuclear weapons; even smaller, less powerful states align themselves with nuclear wielding states for protection and security.But on the other hand, Waltz argues states are rational actors, and believes nuclear weapons will be used responsibly, which is why nuclear weapons have not been used. For Waltz, more states who have nuclear weapons, the better. Waltz writes, â€Å"A blatant offensive is madness. Nuclear weapons and states that acquire them will reduce the chances of war and lower the intensity of war. †[2] For Waltz this provides deterrence from the threat of nuclear weapons. If this is the case, it would explain why nuclear weapons were used in the first place; there simply was no deterrence against the United States in Japan.Arguing against the optimists, Proliferation pessimists have another answer for the non-usage of nuclear weapons. Scott D. Sagen, proliferation pessimist has contradictory views of the state, believing states could be irrational, especially when militaristic figures take over decision making. Sagen argues all military have â€Å"organisational behaviour†[3] where by military figures are more likely to resort to nuclear warfare, and for a few who dare to venture, there is always an issue with miscalculation.Sagen argues the only reason nuclear weapons haven’t been used is because there hasnâ₠¬â„¢t been a war worth using them in. For Sagen disarmament is a means of ending the possibility of a nuclear threat. Furthermore, my next point explores the idea and theory surrounding the concept of taboo as a reason why nuclear weapons haven’t been used since 1945. Taboo is a concept coined by Nina Tanenwald, and it means the ‘tradition of non-use’, in this case nuclear weapons have become stigmatised[4].For Tanenwald deterrence alone doesn’t explain why nuclear weapons haven’t been used; Deterrence works though in Tanenwald’s view, but only when working side by side with taboo. With nuclear weapons there are moral, ethical and political costs attached, with Tanenwald stating that a â€Å"â€Å"moral norm† proscribing the use of nuclear weapons developed during the decades after the Hiroshima and Nagasaki attacks†[5] when talking about the moral issues of nuclear weapons. World opinion is also the biggest political constraint , with many people feeling politically and ethically united against the usage of nuclear attacks.In addition the norms and values of a society wielding nuclear weapons also matters, with South Africa an example of nuclear disarmament because of social and ethical efforts made by their people. Possibly the biggest example of taboo was during the nineteen year Vietnam War. Nina Tanenwald argues that nuclear were not used, which is obviously true, but using nuclear artillery was heavily discussed by United States forces. Three American presidents, Lyndon B. Johnson, John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon, all in power during the Vietnam War chose not to use nuclear force.Tanenwald believes it is the moral, ethical and political factors, the taboo effect which proves non-use of nuclear weapons. Furthermore the concept of taboo and deterrence working together comes from theorist Henry Kissinger who was the Secretary of State under the Richard Nixon administration during the Vietnam War and pl ayed a huge roll in United States foreign policy. In his book ‘Diplomacy’, Kissinger writes, â€Å"Never have the military gap between the superpower and non-nuclear state been greater. Never was it best likely to be invoked. [6] Tanenwald would suggest Taboo was working in the concept of Deterrence with Kissinger’s words, possibly signalling the importance of taboo as a reason for nuclear non-use since 1945. The third argument for the absence of nuclear weapons since 1945 is through the concept of deterrence. Deterrence is the measures taken by a state or an alliance of multiple states to prevent hostile action by another, in this case through nuclear weapons. Colin Gray is one theorist who believes because of deterrence nuclear weapons are not used because they are not rational.According to Gray, taboo holds no truth, so argues against the ideas of Nina Tanenwald fiercely, with Gray going on to say that â€Å"it’s too clever†[7] to retaliate from a nuclear missile, so states are deterred from doing so in the first place. Gray and deterrence supporters are worried that if people begin believing in the truth of taboo, states might feel obliged to disarm nuclear artillery, which could prove even more fatal as it will disrupt the balance of power, especially between larger nations.With less nuclear capable states, there is a fear amongst deterrence supporters one state could use nuclear weapons to enhance their position as an international actor, and cause more war in doing so[8]. In this case, weapons are used as the ultimate form of deterrence, one which maintains the balance of power and eliminates the threat of nuclear strikes. The next area of discussion is the arrival of virtual nuclear arsenals (VNA’s). According to Michael Mazaar virtual nuclear arsenals are where you store and reconstruct nuclear weapons[9].When looking at why these have helped prolong the nuclear non-use, virtual nuclear arsenals are important because they eliminate the threat of miscalculation or an accidental bombing. Secondly by having deconstructed weapons, you can store each individual part separately, which means your weapons are harder to steal as they are stored in unknown locations. Mazaar argues that nuclear weapons haven’t been used because VNA’s act as a deterrent from attack. No one will strike your territory with a nuclear missile it they know at some point down the line there will be a retaliation from a VNA[10].This means the advantages of having nuclear missiles is weakened because state and military actors are deterred from using nuclear weapons. Ashley J. Tellis backs up this argument brought forward by Mazaar, stating that because of VNA’s, India and Pakistan, two countries with a war-torn history have been deterred from ‘employing nuclear destruction upon one another and mankind’[11], because each state uses VNA’s, showing that virtual nuclear arsenals have suc cessfully helped stop the use of nuclear weapons since 1945.The debate of virtual nuclear arsenals is continued and furthered by theorist John Schell, who looks at how weaponless deterrence limits nuclear action. For Schell no nuclear strikes have occurred because by constructing a nuclear weapon deterrence would persist, and VNA’s could be built to counter nuclear missiles. Schell famously quotes â€Å"Missile deters missile, bomber deters bomber, submarine deters submarine†¦ Factory deters factory, blueprint deters blueprint, equation deters equation. [12] In this sense, weaponless deterrence acts as a good strategic form of defence from nuclear attacks, and further explains why nuclear weapons haven’t been used in conflict since Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Many would now argue that we live in times of a nuclear non-proliferation regime, which is the limitation of nuclear activity, brought forward by the ‘Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty’ (NPT). As man y states oppose nuclear weapons, even states with these weapons are often opposed, the NPT, a treaty with 189 state members acts as a treaty to stop the spread and possible use of nuclear weapons.The treaty was adopted in 1970 and is considered a three pillar system, focusing on non-proliferation, disarmament and the right to peacefully use nuclear technology, and every five years the treaty is reviewed. It’s worth noting that five nuclear states (The USA, Russia, France, The United Kingdom and China), who collectively make up the permanent members UN security council are all signed up to this treaty. The argument could be made that because of the current NPT regime nuclear eapons pose little and limited threat, and instead of owning nuclear technology for possible war and destruction, rather the emphasis of war has been slowed down to focus on technological improvements with nuclear technology, which could explain why nuclear weapons have not been used since 1945. In conclus ion nuclear weapons do pose a serious threat to humanity, but as I’ve outlined because of taboo, and deterrence there are too much political and ethical issues attached. Virtual nuclear arsenals now mean nuclear weapons have a secure hiding place, and the possibility of an unexpected VNA strike is deterring people from using weapons.Others such as Waltz argue that humans and states as are rational and nuclear weapons will be used responsibly, which is the case with the nuclear non-proliferation treaty, but others such as Sagen argue that we can’t trust states with nuclear decision making and our future is going to be compromised by the elite few who will one day exterminate the human race. But with each day that passes, do nuclear weapons still scare people? Maybe the only war nuclear weapons will become prominent once more and the real issue and effects of nuclear weapons will only become important if one is used.The alternatives for peace are already here. No, we can not eliminate nuclear weapons, but with VNA’s the concept of deterrence and taboo, as well as people becoming more rational and aware of the disaster nuclear weapons potentially bring, the safest option, is to hold on to what we have, which is the reminder in Nagasaki and Hiroshima of the damage and destruction that is caused and keep these weapons as a learning tool for the future. Word count: 2079 BIBLIOGRAPHY Gray, C. S. , (2005) ‘Another Bloody Century: Future Warfare’ (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson)Howlett, Darryl ‘Nuclear Proliferation’ in John Baylis and Steve Smith, The Globalisation of World Politics (Oxford: OUP, 2001, second edition) Kissinger, H. (1994) â€Å"Diplomacy† (New York: Simon & Schuster) Mazarr, Michael J. , (1995) ‘Virtual nuclear arsenals’, Survival 37:3, pp. 7-26 Sagan, S. D. , (1994) ‘The perils of proliferation: organisation, theory, deterrence theory and the spread of nuclear weapons’, Int ernational Security 18(4): 66-107 (E-Journal). Schell, J. , (1984) The Abolition (London: Pan Books) Tannenwald, N. (1999) ‘The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Normative Basis of Nuclear Non-use’ International Organization 53(3): 433-48 Tellis, A. J (2001) India's Emerging Nuclear Posture (Santa Monica: RAND) Waltz, K. N. (1981) ‘The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Better’ Adelphi Papers, 171. Available at: http://www. mtholyoke. edu/acad/intrel/waltz1. htm ———————– [1] Howlett, Darryl ‘Nuclear Proliferation’ in John Baylis and Steve Smith, The Globalisation of World Politics (Oxford: OUP, 2001, second edition) [2] Waltz, K. N. (1981) ‘The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Better’ Adelphi Papers, 171.Available at: http://www. mtholyoke. edu/acad/intrel/waltz1. htm [3] Sagan, S. D. , (1994) ‘The perils of proliferation: organisation, theory, deterrence theo ry and the spread of nuclear weapons’, International Security 18(4): 66-107 (E-Journal). [4] Tannenwald, N. , (1999) ‘The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Normative Basis of Nuclear Non-use’ International Organization 53(3): 433-48 [5] Tannenwald, N. , (1999) ‘The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Normative Basis of Nuclear Non-use’ International Organization [6] Kissinger, H. 1994) â€Å"Diplomacy† (New York: Simon & Schuster) [7] Gray, C. S. , (2005) ‘Another Bloody Century: Future Warfare’ (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson) [8] Gray, C. S. , (2005) ‘Another Bloody Century: Future Warfare’ (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson) [9] Mazarr, Michael J. , (1995) ‘Virtual nuclear arsenals’, Survival 37:3, pp. 7-26 [10] Mazarr, Michael J. , (1995) ‘Virtual nuclear arsenals’, Survival 37:3, pp. 29-92 [11] Tellis, A. J (2001) India's Emerging Nuclear Posture (Santa Monica: RAND) [12] Schell, J. , (1984) The Abolition (London: Pan Books)

How would you sum up the first 20 years of Law and Popular Culture as Essay

How would you sum up the first 20 years of Law and Popular Culture as a focus for scholarship in Law Schools and beyond - Essay Example Scholarship in â€Å"Law and Popular Culture’ uses this aspect of the discipline to educate attorneys in public awareness of the consequences of their actions. In critically evaluating the scholarship and impact of the last 20 years of â€Å"Law and Popular Culture† studies in Law Schools, the importance of image and appearance in constructing public opinion is made evident, as well as the popularity of legal themes in mainstream culture itself. Academic studies have drawn comparisons to the way media stereotypes of law and legal issues can frame public awareness of themes in ways that may be prejudicial to jury selection or point to biases that might influence juror opinions subliminally on technical legal issues of great importance. There has been an awareness of the importance of accuracy in legal representations in mass media, but also in the importance for lawyers to be aware of the social context when practicing law. In drawing legal issues through media stories in broad dualities, fictional programs such as film, video, television, and literary depictions represent the dynamic processes of law in the prosecutor and defence attorney. However, in painting the broader social context of these stories, and the personalities of the heroes and anti-heroes of law, thematic content can be noted to constellate around two primary archetypes as a fundamental division, 'the activist lawyer' and 'the corrupt lawyer'. As Richard Sherman writes in Symposium: Law and Popular Culture: Nomos and Cinema, â€Å"Law lives in images. We make sense of reality by drawing upon the stories and storytelling modes that are most familiar to us. And these days, television and film are by far the most popular sources of the stories and story forms that we all know. It should hardly prove surprising to find trial lawyers importing popular film stories and characters as well as familiar cinematic styles into their courtroom performances.†1 ‘Law and Popular Cul ture’ studies can draw upon groundbreaking work such as Joseph Campbell’s The Hero with a Thousand Faces and Masks Of God: Creative Mythologies to assist with the methodology of media interpretation through psychology. In understanding how the mind relates to ideas formed in popular culture through media, the assumption is that the unconscious and subconscious forces, emotions, and biases all act to build sentiment and identity in the individual as part of personal identity, as well as the more conscious and ego-driven goals. In pointing to the unconscious nature of crowd behaviour as it is reflected in public opinion in mass-media based societies in post-modernism, ‘Law and Popular Culture’ studies returns to its early roots and definitions, as posited by Lawrence Friedman in the 1980’s. For example, in Total Justice, written in 1985, Lawrence Friedman defines legal culture as "ideas, attitudes, values, and opinions about law held by a society.â₠¬ 2 However, he takes this definition further in Law, Lawyers, and Popular Culture, and essay published in the Yale law Journal in 1989. There he writes: "Legal culture refers to those ideas and attitudes which are specifically legal in content - ideas about courts, justice, the police, the Supreme Court, lawyers, and so on... the term popular culture, on the other hand, refers first, and more generally, to the norms

The American Constitution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

The American Constitution - Research Paper Example This essay discusses the Robert Morris from Pennsylvania, the "investor" of the Revolution, who began the events with a nomenclature Gen. George Washington for the presidency of the Constitutional Convention. The vote was undoubtedly unanimous. With distinctive traditional humility, Washington articulated his discomfiture at his lack of qualifications to be in charge over such an imposing body and apologized for any errors into which he may plummet in the path of its negotiations. Thus began the majestic ‘beginning’ of the constitution of the greatest economic epicenter of modern day. The Anti-Federalist, played a key role in how the United States was going to function as a Government and the effect the Anti-Federalist paper had on the creation of our constitution. The Anti-Federalist movement, should be given credit in helping to shape our constitution, their cause was a major stumbling block that had to be resolve in order for a more perfect union that protects each in dividual States. The Federalists had more than an innovative political plan and a well-chosen name to aid their cause. The Anti-Federalists were a rebellious alliance of citizens who disagreed with the ratification of the Constitution. In conclusion, the researcher states that no group in the US political history was more dynamic & heterogeneous than the Anti Federalists. Even a brief glance of the concluding vote on confirmation, demonstrates the unbelievable provincial and geological diversity of the Anti Federalist alliance.

Concussions in the NFL, an its affect on current and retired NFL Essay

Concussions in the NFL, an its affect on current and retired NFL Players - Essay Example To limit the number and severity of future injuries, the dual-prong strategy concentrates on increasing awareness of the dangers of concussions and of their symptoms, and of using advanced medical technology to better diagnose and treat injuries, and to create and evaluate novel treatment options. This study will look at the efficacy of the rules enacted by the NFL by taking a look at the concussions suffered before and after the enactment of these new regulations. Reason for the Study According to the Center for Disease Control, amongst the general population traumatic brain injury â€Å"is a contributing factor to one third of all injury-related deaths in the United States.† That’s roughly 52,000 deaths associated with the 1.7 million reported annual concussions (2010). Hypothesis The new regulations have been ineffective statistically in protecting players from neurological insult. Previous Research Currently, there are eleven players league-wide with reported concus sions and another eight listed with head injuries (Schefter 2009). There are an average of 1 ? to 2 concussions per game (Associated Press 2010). While the average concussion is the result of 95 g’s of acceleration to the skull, American football players experience of 103 g’s or more (Malinowski 2010). 2.

America's global ascendancy, 1918-1945. Why, and to what extent, did Essay

America's global ascendancy, 1918-1945. Why, and to what extent, did the united states eclipse Great Britain as the worlds leadi - Essay Example The value of the Pound Sterling, its consumer expenditure, fell by more than 60%. The coal Germany sent to Britain as reparations depressed the victor’s local economy, hastening General Strike of 1926. During the World War I private investments made by the British abroad were sold, raising some ?550 million. Nevertheless ?250 million new investments were made within the course of war. As a result the net loss was some ?300 million. During the war Great Britain lost some 40% fleet sunk by German submarines. Most of these losses were replaced in 1918 and soon after the war was over. As military historian Correlli Barnett argued, that war made no serious economic damage on Britain yet â€Å"crippled the British psychology† (Barnett 2002) Other changes have included increasing British Dominions’ assertiveness. Such battles as Vimy Ridge and Gallipoli for Canadians, Australians and New Zealanders led to grown national pride as well as a growing reluctance to be subord inate to the Crown. Those battles used to be depicted favorably in these nations propaganda as significant of their power and valor during the War. The War also released pent up native nationalisms, as native elites and often populations tried to take advantage of the precedent of introduction of self-determination in the counties of Eastern Europe. Great Britain had to face disturbances in Ireland, Egypt, Iraq, India and Palestine within a period of time when those territories were supposed to be demilitarized. This notwithstanding, the only territorial loss Great Britain sustained was the loss of Ireland, where the delay in resolving the home rule issue, along with the Easter Rising of 1916 increased popular support for separatists and led immediately to the outbreak of the 1919 Irish War of Independence. Consequent change followed in 1919. With the Treaty of Versailles, the Great Britain found herself in charge of more than 13 million of people and 4,000,000 square kilometers. Fo rmer German colonies as well as possessions of Ottoman Empire were distributed among the Allied powers as mandates of League of Nations. It was the time when the British Empire reached its territorial peak (Ferguson 2004, p.315). Unlike Great Britain the Unites States of America participated in hostilities but a year and a half and did was not as devastated as European belligerents. Furthermore that war gave a tremendous impetus to the development of US national economy. As it goes in a song popular soon after the War was over, having seen Paris American soldiers were reluctant to stay at their farms no more. They moved from their farms to the nearby smaller cities and towns offering labor force for the industry. Agriculture was becoming increasingly mechanized due to the widespread used of such heavy equipment as tractors. As a result the output of American agriculture increased rapidly. A year after World War I was over Woodrow Wilson crusaded for United States to join the League of Nations that he had been effective in creating yet he rejected the Republican compromise over the issue so it was not possible to obtain a 2/3 majority. During a cross country tour to promote the League of Nations Woodrow Wilson sustained a number of strokes. He never recovered completely and lost its skills of the leadership so he was rendered unable to compromise or negotiate. Consequently the Senate rejected America’s entry into the League of Nations (Cooper 2009, ch 23-24). During the course of War America rendered successfully

Illinois and United States constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Illinois and United States constitution - Essay Example It says that it is because they wanted to form a perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide defense, welfare and secure the blessings of Liberty and prosperity6. The United States constitution is divided into seven articles each with different sections and clauses that address various aspects of the federal government and the relationship with people and the states. The first article concerns the structure of the federal government while the last article concerns the signing of the document by the various signatories7. The Illinois state constitution on the other hand fourteen articles each with various articles and clauses that address various aspects of the state and the relationship with the federal government. The first article is the bill of rights that outlines the various rights and freedom enjoyed by the people of Illinois8. The last article talks of constitutional revision and outlines the various issues to be considered in amending the constituti on. Though the last part of the constitution provides for the transition period from one constitution to another and the various issues that need to remain to enable a smooth transition9. The Illinois state constitution bill of rights begins with the first section that outlines the inherent and inalienable rights of any individual. The rights it points out are the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It then explains the various rights and freedoms enjoyed by all citizens within the state. It has a total of twenty four rights and freedom that people enjoy within the state and each of these is explained in different sections. The rights and freedoms include the following: the right to due process and... The Illinois state constitution bill of rights begins with the first section that outlines the inherent and inalienable rights of any individual. The rights it points out are the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It then explains the various rights and freedoms enjoyed by all citizens within the state. It has a total of twenty four rights and freedom that people enjoy within the state and each of these is explained in different sections. The rights and freedoms include the following: the right to due process and equal protection; freedom of religion; freedom of speech; the right to assemble and petition; the right to be secure from searches, seizures, privacy and interceptions; rights to hearing; rights after indictment; rights of crime victims; right to bail and habeas corpus; self-incrimination and double jeopardy; limitation of penalties after conviction, right to remedy and justice; right to trial by jury; imprisonment for debt, right of eminent domain; ex post facto laws and impairing contracts; right to no discrimination in employment, on the basis of sex, against the handicapped; right to individual dignity; quartering of soldiers; right to arms; fundamental principles and finishes by looking at the rights that are retained . In the US constitution on the other hand, the bill of rights is not found as part of the text in the constitution rather it is found among the ten amendments made on article five of the US constitution.

Women Issues and Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Women Issues and Prostitution - Essay Example The misconceptions, which follow, are many towards the rights of women. Women indulge in prostitution are sometimes considered to be "exclusive" of this society irrespective of the fact that they are the mirrors of those dilemmas which we ignore or which we feel shame to admit to ourselves. Society should consider and face this dilemma in the form of "prostitution". We will discuss some of the most common problems faced by the women of Canada today. Because of the pervasive and deeply rooted attitudes toward the legitimacy of sexual coercion in our society, our conceptions of normal male and female derive from taking coerced sexuality as the natural standard. And given that this is true, it is scarcely surprising that it should be considered to be normal for men not to like women at least to some extent, since they must perceive women as being misers and hoarders of a commodity they are led to believe they desperately desire and need. Nor is it surprising that they should identify themselves as 'true men' in accordance with the degree to which they are aggressive and dominant. Aggressive and dominant men get what they want; it is merely the forms of aggressiveness and dominance which vary, and is only when the forms resorted to involve the use or threat of violence that we are prepared to call it 'rape' and to punish those who commit it. (Schlesinger, 1977) Let us consider some of the cases of women in this aspect. One woman in this study who complained of rape, a young woman classified as 'idle,' and who was 'known as' a frequenter of the old Yorkville area of Toronto, disagreed about the standard. She felt that the man 'had gone too far,' whereas his reply was 'that he had used no more force than is usual for males during the preliminaries.' In another case, again involving a young woman, the woman rather sagely remarked that 'usually guys stop when you tell them to. This one didn't.' It is significant too that in both of these cases the men were middle-class, one a businessman and the other a semi-professional, and the women involved failed to conform to the stereotyped image of the 'real victim.' If the cases had come to trial, they are not the sort of men likely to have been judged to have resorted to unacceptable tactics, or who would be sent to jail for what they did because the women involved were not 'real victims.' These men, in common with most accused rapists, did not see anything wrong in what they had done. What the victim experienced as rape, they believed to be seduction. However, it is unbelievable that virtually none of these offenders believed that they were doing anything wrong; they did not see themselves as acting any differently from other men in society, and did not see, and resisted seeing, themselves as men who had broken the law. Almost all of them either saw, or went to quite incredible lengths to see, their behavior as 'normal' and acceptable. The extreme case simply believes everything he does in relation to women is acceptable, and after that there are subtler shadings in